ABSTRACT The homeopathy has been practiced for many years, mainly using rodent as a research model. Zebrafish have been used as an animal model in different scientific areas and may represent an important model in studies with this therapy. This paper aimed to evaluate the action of Homeopatila 100® on the growth, the action on the liver and reproduction of zebrafish. The study was carried out with 192 six months old animals. The experimental period was three months, being evaluated the growth, the hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic indexes, the number of hepatocytes per area and the percentage of glycogen in these cells, performing the hepatic histology of males and females. It was evaluated the reproduction of the animals, checking the production and probability of hatching of the eggs. It was found that homeopathy increases the number of hepatocytes and glycogen in females, as well as improved the reproductive indices evaluated.

Resumo Duas dietas foram avaliadas, uma controle (T1), com adição de 40 mL de solução hidroalcoólica a cada kg de ração e outra (T2), com adição de 40 mL do produto Homeopático a cada kg de ração em tilápias do Nilo. Foram distribuídos 200 peixes em 10 aquários, totalizando 20 animais em cada aquário, onde permaneceram por 63 dias. Foi realizado o monitoramento dos parâmetros físicos e químicos da água, desempenho dos animais, determinação da composição centesimal e a composição de ácidos graxos em cabeças de tilápia do Nilo. Não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os tratamentos em relação aos parâmetros da água, desempenho, determinação de umidade, cinzas, proteína bruta, lipídios totais. As tilápias do Nilo que receberam o produto homeopático incorporado na ração apresentaram a razão AGPI/AGS superior ao do tratamento controle, apresentado diferença significativa. As cabeças das tilápias analisadas constituem uma excelente fonte de lipídios totais.

Abstract Two diets were evaluated, one control (T1), with the addition of 40 ml of hydroalcoholic solution to each kg of feed and other (T2) with 40 ml of the homeopathic product every kg of feed in Nile tilapia. 200 fish were distributed in 10 water tanks, totaling 20 animals in each of the boxes, where they remained for 63 days. During the experiment was carried out monitoring of the physical and chemical parameters of water, animal performance, determine the chemical composition and fatty acid composition in heads of Nile tilapia. there was no significant statistical difference between treatments in relation to physical and chemical water parameters, performance, moisture determination, ash, crude protein, total lipids. The Nile tilapia that received the homeopathic product incorporated in the feed showed the PUFA / SFA ratio higher than the control treatment presented significant difference. The heads of analyzed tilapia are an excellent source of total lipids.

RESUMO: A piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus) é um peixe de grande valor econômico que nos últimos anos tem apresentado uma redução drástica em suas populações naturais. Nesse contexto, estudos de variabilidade genética dos estoques naturais e nos programas de repovoamento são fundamentais para adoção de medidas conservacionistas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar a amplificação cruzada de primers heterologos em B. orbignyanus. Foram avaliados um total de 52 primers das espécies Brycon opalinus, Brycon hilarii, Brycon insignis, Prochilodus sp., Piaractus mesopotamicus, Colossoma macropomum e Oreochromis niloticus. Os primers com melhor reprodutibilidade foram aplicados a uma amostra de 20 indivíduos e os parâmetros genéticos foram calculados. Nove primers apresentaram resultados satisfatórios de amplificação cruzada com B. orbignyanus, sendo das espécies Brycon opalinus (BoM5 e BoM13), Brycon hilarii (Bh5, Bh6, Bh8, Bh13 e Bh16), Brycon insignis (Bc48-10) e Prochilodus argenteus (Par80). Os primers de Piaractus mesopotamicus, Colossoma macropomum e Oreochromis niloticus não apresentaram amplificação ou apresentaram inespecificidade. Os resultados revelaram a possibilidade da utilização de primers de diferentes espécies e gênero em B. orbignyanus, o que facilita a realização de estudos genéticos nessa espécie.

ABSTRACT: Brycon orbignyanus, popularly known in Brazil as piracanjuba, is a fish with great economic value but whose natural population drastically decreased in number during the last years. In this context, genetic variability studies of natural stocks and in restocking programs are fundamental for the adoption of conservation measures. Current analysis verifies the cross-amplification of heterologous primers in B. orbignyanus. Fifty-two primers of the species Brycon opalinus, Brycon hilarii, Brycon insignis, Prochilodus sp., Piaractus mesopotamicus, Colossoma macropomum and Oreochromis niloticus were tested. Primers with the best reproducibility were applied to a sample of 20 individuals and the genetic parameters were calculated. Nine primers provided good results for cross-amplification with B. orbignyanus, involving (BoM5 and BoM13) of Brycon opalinus, (Bh5, Bh6, Bh8, Bh13 and Bh16) of Brycon hilarii, (Bc48-10) of Brycon insignis and (Par80) of Prochilodus argenteus. Primers of Piaractus mesopotamicus, Colossoma macropomum and Oreochromis niloticus failed to provide amplification or provided non-specificity. Results demonstrated the possibility of using primers of different species and genera of B. orbignyanus, facilitating genetic studies on the species.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a variabilidade genética nos parentais (G0) e em três gerações consecutivas (G1, G2 e G3) de tilápia Gift (genetically improved farmed tilapia), por meio de marcadores microssatélites. Trezentos e sessenta indivíduos, provenientes do programa de melhoramento da Universidade Estadual de Maringá, foram selecionados quanto ao ganho de peso. O total de 21 alelos foi encontrado nos cinco loci microssatélites polimórficos (G12292, UNH140; G12311, UNH159; G12312, UNH160; G12314, UNH162; e G12315, UNH163), com número médio entre três e cinco alelos por locus. As frequências alélicas variaram de 0,017 (UNH160 - G2) a 0,750 (UNH160 - G0). A heterozigosidade média observada foi de 0,501, 0,391, 0,531 e 0,503 para G0, G1, G2 e G3, respectivamente. O coeficiente de endogamia médio foi 0,192 (G0), 0,401 (G1), 0,230 (G2) e 0,301 (G3). Todas as gerações apresentaram desvio no equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg, com desequilíbrio de ligação na maioria dos loci. Exceto para a G1, a heterozigosidade foi mantida nas gerações G2 e G3, o que indica que não há perda significativa de variabilidade genética no programa de melhoramento.

The objective of this work was to characterize the genetic variability in parental (G0) and three subsequent generations (G1, G2, and G3) of genetically improved farmed tilapia (Gift) using microsatellite markers. Three hundred sixty individuals from the breeding program of Universidade Estadual de Maringá, PR, Brazil, were selected for weight gain. A total of 21 alleles was found in all five polymorphic microsatellite loci (G12292, UNH140; G12311, UNH159; G12312, UNH160; G12314, UNH162; and G12315, UNH163), with an average number between three and five alleles per locus. Allele frequencies ranged from 0.017 (UNH160 - G2) to 0.750 (UNH160 - G0). The average observed heterozygosity was 0.501, 0.391, 0.531, and 0.503 for G0, G1, G2, and G3, respectively. The average inbreeding coefficient was 0.192 (G0), 0.401 (G1), 0.230 (G2), and 0.301 (G3). All generations showed deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, with linkage disequilibrium in most loci. Except for G1, the heterozygosity was maintained in the G2 and G3 generations, which indicates that there is no significant loss of genetic variability in the breeding program.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação de vitamina A na alimentação de juvenis de pacu cultivados em tanques-rede. Foram utilizados 2.000 peixes, com peso inicial médio de 66,93±15,03 g, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em 20 tanques-rede de 5,0 m³, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. As rações foram formuladas com 0, 3.000, 6.000, 9.000 e 12.000 UI de vitamina A por quilograma de dieta, por meio da suplementação com acetato de retinol. O arraçoamento foi realizado às 8:30, 13:30 e 17:30 h, até a saciedade aparente dos animais. Não foram observadas diferenças quanto aos parâmetros de desempenho produtivo, rendimento e composição química da carcaça, e aos parâmetros hematológicos e lipídios no fígado dos peixes que foram alimentados com diferentes níveis de vitamina A. A suplementação de vitamina A em dietas para juvenis de pacu criados em tanques-rede não influencia o desempenho produtivo dos peixes.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of vitamin A supplementation in a diet of juvenile pacu reared in cages. Two thousand fish were used, with 66.93±15.03 g initial weight, and distributed in a completely randomized design in 20 cages of 5.0 m³, with five treatments and four replicates. The diets were formulated with 0, 3,000, 6,000, 9,000 and 12,000 UI of vitamin A per kilogram of diet, supplemented by retinyl acetate. Feeding was carried at 8:30; 1:30 and 5:30 h, until apparent satiety of animals. No difference was observed for the parameters of production performance, yield and chemical composition of the carcass, and for the blood and lipids parameters in the liver of fish fed different levels of vitamin A. The vitamin A supplementation in diets for juvenile pacu reared in cages has no effect on fish growth performance.

O monitoramento da diversidade genética é fundamental em um programa de repovoamento. Avaliouse a diversidade genética de pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) em duas estações de piscicultura em Andirá -Paraná, Brasil, utilizadas no programa de repovoamento do Rio Paranapanema. Foram amplificados seis loci microssatélite para avaliar 60 amostras de nadadeira. O estoque de reprodutores B apresentou maior número de alelos e heterozigose (alelos: 22 e H O: 0,628) que o estoque de reprodutores A (alelos: 21 e H O: 0,600). Alelos com baixos níveis de frequência foram observados nos dois estoques. Os coeficientes positivos de endogamia no locus Pme2 (estoque A: F IS = 0,30 e estoque B: F IS = 0,20), Pme5 (estoque B: F IS = 0,15), Pme14 (estoque A: F IS = 0,07) e Pme28 (estoque A: F IS = 0,24 e estoque B: F IS = 0,20), indicaram deficiência de heterozigotos. Foi detectada a presença de um alelo nulo no lócus Pme2. As estimativas negativas nos loci Pme4 (estoque A: F IS = -0,43 e estoque B: F IS= -0,37), Pme5 (estoque A: F IS = - 0,11), Pme14 (estoque B: F IS = - 0,15) e Pme32 (estoque A: F IS = - 0,93 e estoque B: F IS = - 0,60) foram indicativas de excesso de heterozigotos. Foi evidenciado desequilíbrio de ligação e riqueza alélica baixa só no estoque A. A diversidade genética de Nei foi alta nos dois estoques. A distância (0,085) e identidade (0,918) genética mostraram similaridade entre os estoques, o qual reflete uma possível origem comum. 6,05% da variância genética total foi devida a diferenças entre os estoques. Foi observado um recente efeito gargalo nos dois estoques. Os resultados indicaram uma alta diversidade genética nos estoques de reprodutores e baixa diferenciação genética entre eles, o que foi causado pelo manejo reprodutivo das pisciculturas, redução do tamanho populacional e intercâmbio genético entre as pisciculturas.

Monitoring the genetic diversity has fundamental importance for fish stocking programs. This experiment aims to evaluate the genetic diversity in two hatchery stations (A and B) with pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) in Andirá, state of Paraná, Brazil used in stocking programs of Paranapanema River. Six microsatellite loci were amplified using DNA extracted from 60 fin-clipping samples. The broodstock B had the average number of alleles and the mean heterozygosity (alleles: 3.7 and H O: 0.628) higher than the broodstock A (alleles: 3.5 and H O: 0.600). Alleles with low frequency levels were observed in the both broodstocks. The positive coefficients of endogamy in the locus Pme2 (broodstock A: F IS = 0.30 and broodstock B: F IS = 0.20), Pme5 (broodstock B: F IS = 0.15), Pme14 (broodstock A: F IS = 0.07) and Pme28 (broodstock A: F IS = 0.24 and broodstock B: F IS = 0.20) indicated deficiency of heterozygotes. Presence of null allele in the locus Pme2 was detected. The negative estimates in loci Pme4 (broodstock A: F IS = - 0.43 and broodstock B: F IS = - 0.37), Pme5 (broodstock A: F IS= - 0.11), Pme14 (broodstock B: F IS= - 0.15) and Pme32 (broodstock A: F IS = - 0.93 and broodstock B: F IS = - 0.60) were indicating the excess of heterozygotes. Evidence of linkage disequilibrium and lower allelic richness was found only in the broodstock A. Nei's gene diversity was high in both broodstocks. The genetic distance (0.085) and identity (0.918) showed similarity between broodstocks, which reflects a possible common origin. 6.05% of the total genetic variance was due to differences among broodstocks. Recent bottleneck effect in two broodstocks was observed. The results indicated a higher genetic diversity in the two broodstocks and they presented low genetic difference. This was caused by the reproductive management in both hatchery stations, reduction of population size and genetic exchange between the hatchery stations.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a diversidade genética de um estoque de Salminus brasiliensis utilizado em programas de repovoamento do rio Paranapanema, por meio do marcador RAPD. Dez reprodutores (cinco machos e cinco fêmeas) e sua progênie (40 larvas e 40 alevinos) foram analisados. Os oito iniciadores analisados produziram 96 fragmentos, dos quais 81,2% foram polimórficos. Houve diferença significativa na frequência de 32 dos 96 fragmentos, com a presença de um fragmento exclusivo nos alevinos. O índice de Shannon, a percentagem de fragmentos polimórficos e a distância e a identidade genética mostraram menor divergência genética entre os reprodutores e as larvas, além de diminuição da variabilidade nos alevinos. A divergência genética foi menor nos alevinos em comparação às larvas e aos reprodutores. A análise de variância molecular mostrou que a maior parte da variação está dentro de cada grupo (90,05%) e não entre os grupos (9,95%). O estoque de reprodutores apresenta alta variabilidade genética e houve diferenciação genética entre a fase de larva e alevino.

The objective of this work was to estimate by RAPD markers the genetic diversity of a Salminus brasiliensis lot used in stock enhancement programs in the Paranapanema River, Paraná, Brazil. Ten broodstocks (five males and five females) and their progeny (40 larvae and 40 fingerlings) were analyzed. Eight analyzed primers produced 96 fragments, of which 81.2% were polymorphic. There was significant difference in the frequency of 32 out of the 96 fragments, with the presence of an exclusive fragment in the fingerlings. The Shannon index, the percentage of polymorphic fragments, and the genetic distance and identity showed less genetic divergence between broodstocks and larvae, besides a decrease of genetic variability in the fingerlings. Genetic divergence was lower in the fingerlings in comparison to the larvae and broodstocks. The molecular variance results showed that most of the genetic variation is within (90.05%) and not between groups (9.95%). The broodstock lot has high genetic variability, and genetic differences were observed between the larval and fingerling stages.

Los programas de repoblación de ríos vienen siendo usados con mayor frecuencia como métodos de conservación de especies de peces. Sin embargo, la evaluación de procedimientos reproductivos y su influencia en la progenie son necesarias para obtener resultados viables en los ecosistemas impactados negativamente por el hombre. El objetivo de este estudio, fue estimar la contribución reproductiva de una progenie de Brycon orbignyanus usada en programas de repoblación, en el sistema reproductivo seminatural, utilizando el marcador molecular microsatélite. Se analizaron muestras de aleta de 44 reproductores, 69 larvas de 3 días y 70 alevinos de 90 días. No se observó mortalidad de reproductores durante el proceso reproductivo y hubo desova/espermiación en todos los individuos, demostrando la efectividad del sistema seminatural en la preservación física y reproductiva durante los cruzamientos. Los 5 loci utilizados produjeron un total de 14 alelos entre 135 pb y 200 pb, siendo observados 3 alelos (BoM1, BoM5, BoM7 y BoM13) y 2 alelos (BoM2) por locus, presentes en los reproductores y en la progenie (larvas y alevinos). Fue confirmada la presencia de paternidad múltiple con participación de pocos reproductores en la progenie, revelando un proceso de dominancia reproductiva. Fueron observadas diferencias en la contribución reproductiva de larvas y alevinos, demostrando que esta contribución en un mismo lote puede ser diferente entre fases de crecimiento

The stock enhancement programs are being used more frequently as methods of fish conservation. However, the evaluation of reproductive procedures and their influence in the offspring are necessary to obtain viable results in the ecosystems impacted negatively by the man. The aim of this study was to estimate the reproductive contribution of a Brycon orbignyanus offspring used in stock enhancement programs, in the semi-natural reproductive system, using the microsatellite molecular marker. Fin samples of 44 broodstocks, 69 larvae of three days and 70 juvenile of 90 days were analyzed. Mortality of broodstocks was not observed during the reproductive process and there was spawing/spermiation in all the individuals, demonstrating the effectiveness of the seminatural system in the physical and reproductive preservation during the mating. The 5 loci used produced 14 alleles a total between 135 bp and 200 bp, being observed 3 alleles (BoM1, BoM5, BoM7 and BoM13) and 2 alleles (BoM2) by locus present in the broodstocks and in the offspring (larvae and juvenile). The presence of multiple paternity was confirmed with participation of few broodstocks in the offspring, revealing a possible process of reproductive dominance. Differences in the reproductive contribution of larvae and juvenile were observed, demonstrating that this contribution in oneself stock can be different between phases of growth

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a diversidade genética em quatro estoques de tambaquis (Colossoma macropomum) de diferentes regiões do Brasil, por meio de marcador RAPD. Foram utilizados 10 iniciadores para analisar 116 indivíduos, coletados de pisciculturas nos municípios de Urupá, RO, Teixeirópolis, RO, Neópolis, SE e Sorriso, MT. Foram encontradas diferenças nas frequências de 67 fragmentos, com um fragmento exclusivo em Sorriso e dois em Neópolis. Observaram-se altos valores de polimorfismo (72,92 a 83,33%), diversidade genética de Nei (0,27 a 0,30) e índice de Shannon (0,39 a 0,45). A análise da variância molecular, demonstrou que a maior parte da variação está dentro de cada estoque e não entre os estoques. A identidade e a distância genética entre os agrupamentos variou de 0,93 a 0,98 e 0,02 a 0,07, respectivamente, com menos distância entre os agrupamentos Urupá x Sorriso e entre Teixerópolis x Neópolis. A diferenciação genética variou de baixa a moderada (Fst = 0,03 a 0,15) e o número de migrantes por geração foi alto (Nm = 5,96 a 24,3), entre os agrupamentos. Os estoques apresentam alta variabilidade e baixa diferenciação e distância genética entre si.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity of four broodstocks of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) from different regions of Brazil using RAPD markers. Ten primers were used to analyze 116 individuals, collected from fish cultures of three municipalities in Brazil: Urupá, RO; Teixeirópolis, RO; Neópolis, SE; and Sorriso, MT. Differences in the frequencies of 67 fragments were found, with a unique fragment in Sorriso and two in Neópolis. High values of polymorphism (72.92 to 83.33%), Nei's genetic diversity (from 0.27 to 0.30) and Shannon index (from 0.39 to 0.45) were observed. Analysis of molecular variance showed that most of the variation is within each broodstock and not among them. The identity and genetic distance among the groups ranged from 0.93 to 0.98 and from 0.02 to 0.07, respectively, with less distance between clusters Urupá x Sorriso and Teixerópolis x Neópolis. Genetic differentiation ranged from low to moderate (Fst = 0.03 to 0.15) and the number of migrants per generation was high (Nm = 5.96 to 24.3) among the groups. Stocks have high variability and low genetic differentiation and distance among them.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a diversidade genética e a contribuição parental de Piaractus mesopotamicus na produção de descendência no sistema seminatural de reprodução. Vinte peixes parentais (onze machos e nove fêmeas) e o total de 100 larvas foram avaliados por meio do marcador microssátelite. Os parentais e a progênie tiveram trinta e um alelos e heterozigosidade de 0,550 e 0,563, respectivamente. As fêmeas foram fertilizadas por dois até seis machos enquanto machos fertilizaram três até cinco fêmeas. A contribuição de fêmeas e machos para a descendência seja 66,6 e 58,0%, respectivamente. Tais resultados não indicam diminuição da variabilidade genética na progênie e os parentais apresentaram paternidade múltipla e razoável contribuição à produção de descendência.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity and the parental contribution of Piaractus mesopotamicus in the production of offspring in the semi-natural system of reproduction. Twenty parental fishes (eleven males and nine females) and the total of 100 larvae were evaluated by microsatellite marker. The parents and offspring had thirty-one alleles and heterozygosity of 0.550 and 0.563, respectively. The females were fertilised by two up to six males while the males fertilised three up to five females. The contribution of the females and males to the offspring were 66.6 and 58%, respectively. Such results indicated no loss in the genetic variability in the offspring, and the parents had multiple paternity and reasonable contribution to the offspring production.

The conservation of genetic variability is a priority for fish lots used in restocking programs in rivers, especially for threatened or endangered fish species as is the case oí Brycon orbignyanus. The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic diversity and reproductive contribution of an offspring of B. orbignyanus used in stock programs in a semi-natural reproductive system using microsatellite markers. Samples of caudal fin from 24 breeders (12<img border=0 width=15 height=21 src="../../../../../img/revistas/agro/v44n2/a5s1.jpg"> and 12<img border=0 width=16 height=23 src="../../../../../img/revistas/agro/v44n2/a5s2.jpg">), and 95 larvae of their offspring. Breeders and offspring showed two alíeles, absence of low frequency alíeles and an average heterozygosity of 0.470 and 0.510. The coefficient Fis showed that there was no inbreeding in breeders and offspring (-0.116 and -0.242) and there were no differences (p>0.01) in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. According to the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), most of the variation observed was within each group and not among groups, being confirmed by the Shannon index value (breeders = 0.477; offspring = 0.491). The genetic diversity in the offspring was preserved and the presence of multiple paternity and reproductive dominance was verified in 50 % of the offspring through the use of the semi-natural reproductive system.

La conservación de la variabilidad genética es prioritaria en lotes de peces usados en programas de repoblación de ríos, especialmente para especies amenazadas o en peligro de extinción como es el caso del Brycon orbignyanus. El objetivo del presente estudio fue estimar la diversidad genética y la contribución reproductiva de una progenie de B. orbignyanus usada en programas de repoblación, en un sistema reproductivo seminatural usando marcadores microsatélites. Se analizaron muestras de aleta caudal de 24 reproductores (12<img border=0 width=15 height=21 src="../../../../../img/revistas/agro/v44n2/a5s1.jpg"> y 12<img border=0 width=16 height=23 src="../../../../../img/revistas/agro/v44n2/a5s2.jpg">) y 95 larvas de su progenie. Reproductores y progenie mostraron dos a leí os, ausencia de alelos de baja frecuencia y una heterocigosis media de 0.470 y 0.510. El coeficiente Fis mostró que hubo ausencia de endogamia en los reproductores y progenie (-0.116 y -0.242) y no hubo diferencias (p>0.01) en el equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg. De acuerdo con el análisis de varianza molecular (AMOVA), la mayor parte de la variación observada estuvo dentro de cada grupo y no entre los grupos, corroborado por el valor de índice de Shannon (reproductores = 0.477; progenie = 0.491). La diversidad genética en la progenie fue preservada y se verificó la presencia de paternidad múltiple y dominancia reproductiva en 50 % de la progenie mediante la utilización del sistema reproductivo seminatural.

Los programas de repoblamiento de ríos vienen siendo usados con mayor frecuencia como métodos de conservación de la ictiofauna. Sin embargo, el monitoreo genético y evaluación de procedimientos reproductivos son necesarios para obtener resultados viables en los ecosistemas impactados negativamente por el hombre. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la diversidad genética de Brycon orbignyanus utilizado en programas de repoblamiento, en el sistema reproductivo semi-natural (SRSN), con el marcador RAPD. Fueron analizados 15 reproductores (Rp;10 machos y 5 hembras) y 95 larvas de la progenie. El SRSN permitió la obtención de una baja mortalidad de los Rp utilizados en el cruzamiento y todos presentaron desova/espermiación. Los 9 iniciadores utilizados produjeron 90 fragmentos (fg), de los cuales 73,33% fueron polimórficos. Encontrándose diferencias (P<0,05) en la frecuencia de 17 fg, sin la presencia de fg exclusivos. El índice de diversidad genética de Shannon y porcentaje de fg polimórficos fueron inferiores en los individuos de la progenie. La similaridad genética fue mayor en la progenie. El análisis de variancia molecular mostró que la mayor parte de la variación está dentro de cada lote (81,49%) y no entre los lotes (18,51%). La identidad y distancia genética fue 0,953 y 0,049, respectivamente. A pesar que el SRSN permitió la obtención de una baja mortalidad y adecuado comportamiento reproductivo de los Rp, hubo disminución de la variabilidad genética en la progenie por el efecto del bajo número de Rp utilizados durante la reproducción y por la baja variabilidad genética existente entre ellos

The stock enhancement programs are being used more frequently as methods of fish conservation. However, the genetic monitoring and the reproductive procedures evaluation are necessary to achieve viable and reliable results. The purpose of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity of Brycon orbignyanus used in stock enhancement programs, in the semi-natural reproductive system, with the RAPD marker. Fifteen broodstocks (10 male and 5 female) and 95 larvae of the offspring were analyzed. The semi-natural reproductive system allowed the obtaining of a low mortality of the broodstocks using in the mating and all presented spawing/spermiation. The nine primers used yielded 90 fragments, of which 73,33% were polymorphic. Differences (P <0,05) in the frequency of 17 fragments were observed, without the presence of exclusive fragments. The Shannon genetic diversity index and percentage of polymorphic fragments were lower in the offspring individuals. Genetic similarity was higher in the offspring. The analysis of molecular variance results showed that the major part of the genetic variation is within the groups (81,49%) and not between them (18,51%). The identity and genetic distance among the groups were 0,953 and 0,049; respectively. In spite of the semi-natural reproductive system to allow the decrease of mortality and an appropriate reproductive broodstocks behavior, was decrease of the genetic variability in the offspring for the effect of the small number of broodstocks used during the reproduction and for the low existent genetic variability among them

The objective of this work was to estimate the genetic diversity of a Brycon orbignyanus lot used in stock enhancement programs, using microsatellite markers. Samples of 44 broodstocks, 70 larvae and 69 fingerlings, were analyzed with amplification of five loci described for Brycon opalinus. The number of alleles, the observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosity, Shannon index (IS), Nei's genetic diversity (DGN), the inbreeding coefficient (Fis), distance (DG) and genetic identity (IG), the effective number of alleles, the test of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (EHW) and the linkage disequilibrium were calculated. Broodstocks and offspring had a similar number of alleles at the tested loci. Ho average, IS, DGN, DG and IG showed that there is less genetic distance between parental and larvae and a decrease of genetic variability in the fingerlings. Deviations in the EHW and disequilibrium ligation were observed in six pairs of loci. Inbreeding coefficient showed excess of heterozygotes in parental and larvae and heterozygote deficiencies in fingerlings. The broodstock is in process of allele losses and the genetic variability decreased between larva and fingerling stages.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar la diversidad genética de un lote de Brycon orbignyanus usado en programas de repoblación, a través de marcadores microsatélites. Se analizaron muestras de 44 reproductores, de 70 larvas y de 69 alevinos, con la amplificación de cinco loci descritos para Brycon opalinus. El número de alelos, la heterozigosidad observada (Ho) y esperada (He), el índice de Shannon (IS), la diversidad genética de Nei (DGN), el coeficiente de endogamia (Fis), la distancia (DG) e identidad genética (IG), el número efectivo de alelos, el test del equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg (EHW) y el desequilibrio de ligación fueron calculados. Reproductores y progenie tuvieron un número similar de alelos en los loci evaluados. La Ho media, IS, DGN, DG e IG mostraron que existe menor distancia genética entre parentales y larvas y una disminución de variabilidad genética en los alevinos. Fueron observados desvíos en EHW y desequilibrio de ligación en seis pares de loci. El Fis mostró exceso de heterocigotos en parentales y larvas y déficit de heterocigotos en los alevinos. El lote de reproductores está en proceso de pérdida de alelos y hubo disminución de la variabilidad genética entre la fase de larva y alevino.

Environmental changes caused principally by human action have provoked reduction and even disappearance of several populations of fish. To minimize this impact stock enhancement programs are being implemented in several Brazilian states. However, without adequate evaluation, these programs can produce genetic changes in populations of native fish. Therefore the objective of this study was to analyze, with the RAPD molecular marker, the genetic diversity of Piaractus mesopotamicus stocks used in stock enhancement programs. One hundred twenty broodstocks at four fish farm stations located in the Sapopema (S), Cornélio Procópio (CP), Cambará (C), and Londrina (L) cities, in the Paraná state, Brazil, were analyzed. The results of genetic variability determined using the percentage of polymorphic fragments (S = 74.15 %; CP=78.80 %; C = 77.61 %; L=92.90 %) and the Shannon genetic diversity index (S=0.381, CP=0.422; C = 0.438; l=0.522) showed high genetic variability in all of the broodstocks. However, high genetic similarity was found between the S, CP, and P stocks possibly due to the founder effect since the stocks were founded with broodstocks collected in the Paraná River. The result was corroborated with Gst values and gene flow, which showed moderate genetic differentiation and high gene flow. The broodstock from L had a greater genetic distance from the other stocks because it was founded with broodstocks collected in the Paranapanema River. It was also confirmed that the broodstocks CP and C were the most genetically similar (genetic identity-GI=0.954) and the S and L broodstocks had less genes in common (GI=0.692). The L stock was the most distant of all the broodstocks.

Modificaciones ambientales derivadas principalmente de acciones humanas han causado la disminución y desaparición de varias poblaciones de peces. Para minimizar este impacto se aplican programas de repoblamiento en varios estados brasileños. Sin embargo, sin la adecuada evaluación estos programas pueden producir cambios genéticos en las poblaciones de peces nativos. Por tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la diversidad genética de lotes de Piaractus mesopotamicus usados en programas de repoblamiento, mediante el marcador molecular RAPD. Se analizaron 120 reproductores en cuatro estaciones de piscicultura ubicadas en las ciudades de Sapopema (S), Cornélio Procópio (CP), Cambará (C) y Londrina (L), en el estado del Paraná, Brasil. Los resultados de variabilidad genética determinados usando el porcentaje de fragmentos polimórficos (S=74.15 %; CP=78.80 %; C = 77.61 %; L = 92.90 %) y el índice de diversidad genética de Shannon (S=0.381; CP=0.422; C = 0.438; L=0.522), mostraron una alta variabilidad genética en todos los lotes. Sin embargo, se encontró una alta similitud genética entre los lotes S, CP y P debido posiblemente al efecto fundador, ya que los lotes se fundaron con reproductores recolectados en el rio Paraná. Este resultado se corroboró con los valores de Gst y de flujo génico que mostraron una moderada diferenciación genética y un alto flujo génico. El lote de reproductores de L tuvo una mayor distancia genética con los otros lotes, debido a que se fundó con reproductores recolectados en el rio Paranapanema. También se constató que los lotes de reproductores CP y C fueron los más semejantes genéticamente (identidad genética-IG = 0.954) y que los lotes S y L presentaron menos genes en común (IG=0.692). El lote L fue el más distante de todos.

En las últimas décadas se ha verificado la desaparición de varias especies de peces debido principalmente a impactos generados por acciones humanas. Programas de repoblamiento vienen siendo cada vez más usados como métodos de conservación de la ictiofauna. Sin embargo, sin una correcta orientación genética y reproductiva de los lotes utilizados en estos programas, poblaciones naturales de peces y el ecosistema pueden ser afectados. El objetivo del siguiente estudio fue determinar la variabilidad genética de seis lotes de peces usados en programas de repoblamiento, mediante el marcador molecular RAPD. Se analizaron 180 alevines de tres especies de peces (Leporinus elongatus, Piaractus mesopotamicus y Prochilodus lineatus) en tres estaciones piscícolas, ubicadas en las ciudades de Rolândia, Andirá y Palotina en el estado de Paraná, Brasil. Los valores de variabilidad genética estimados por el porcentaje de fragmentos polimórficos y por el índice de diversidad de Shannon mostraron una alta variabilidad genética entre los lotes de L. elongatus y P. lineatus, debido posiblemente al efecto fundador y al manejo reproductivo adoptado en cada piscícola. Se determinó que existió baja diferenciación genética entre los lotes de P. mesopotamicus. Los resultados de este estudio posibilitaran el correcto manejo reproductivo y genético de los lotes de cada piscícola y la orientación objetiva de programas de repoblamiento, permitiendo la conservación de la variabilidad genética, factor de gran importancia en ambientes en cautiverio.

In the last decades it has been verified the decrease and extinction of fish several species mainly to impacts generated by human actions. Stocking programs are being used as conservation methods of the ichthyofauna. However, without a correct genetic and reproductive orientation of the stocks used in these programs, natural fish populations and the ecosystem can be affected. The objective of the following study was to determine the genetic variability of six fish stocks used in stocking programs, by means of the RAPD molecular marker. There were analyzed 180 juveniles of three fish species (Prochilodus lineatus, Piaractus mesopotamicus, and Leporinus elongatus) from three fish farms, located in the Rolândia, Andirá, and Palotina cities in Paraná state, Brazil. The genetic variability values estimated by the percentage of polymorphic fragments and by the Shannon diversity index showed a high genetic variability between the P. lineatus and L. elongatus stocks, due possibly to the founder effect and the reproductive management adopted in each fish farm. It was determined that low genetic differentiation existed among the P. mesopotamicus stocks. The results of this study facilitated the correct reproductive and genetic management of the stocks of each fish farm and the objective orientation of stocking programs, allowing the conservation of the genetic variability, factor of great importance in captivity environments.